Yin P, Liu N, Chen H, Lozano JS, Shan Y (2014) New correlation between ignition time and moisture content for pine needles attacked by firebrands. Warey A (2018) Influence of thermal contact on heat transfer from glowing firebrands. Ganteaume A, Lampin-Maillet C, Guijarro M, Hernando C, Jappiot M, Fonturbel T, Pérez-Gorostiaga P, Vega JA (2010) Spot fires: fuel bed flammability and capability of firebrands to ignite fuel beds. Manzello SL, Cleary TG, Shields JR, Maranghides A, Mell W, Yang JC (2008) Experimental investigation of firebrands: generation and ignition of fuel beds. Wang S, Huang X, Chen H, Liu N (2017) Interaction between flaming and smouldering in hot-particle ignition of forest fuels and effects of moisture and wind. Urban JL, Zak CD, Fernandez-Pello C (2018) Spot fire ignition of natural fuels by hot aluminum particles. Hadden RM, Scott S, Lautenberger C, Fernandez-Pello AC (2011) Ignition of combustible fuel beds by hot particles: an experimental and theoretical study. Wang S, Huang X, Chen H, Liu N, Rein G (2015) Ignition of low-density expandable polystyrene foam by a hot particle. Technical report, USDA Forest Service-Savannah River, New Ellenton, SC Quarles S, Sindelar M et al (2011) Wildfire ignition resistant home design (WIRHD) program: full-scale testing and demonstration final report. Quarles SL, Valachovic Y, Nakamura GM, Nader GA, De Lasaux MJ (2010) Home survival in wildfire-prone areas: building materials and design considerations. School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida Long AJ, Randall CK (2004) Wildfire risk assessment guide for homeowners in the southern United States. In: 11th International conference on fire science and engineering (INTERFLAM), pp 3–5 Manzello SL, Shields JR, Yang JC, Hayashi Y, Nii D (2007) On the use of a firebrand generator to investigate the ignition of structures in wildland–urban interface (WUI) fires. 124 pp, 8:1–124Ĭaton SE, Hakes RSP, Gorham DJ, Zhou A, Gollner MJ (2017) Review of pathways for building fire spread in the wildland urban interface part i: exposure conditions. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA. Martinuzzi S, Stewart SI, Helmers DP, Mockrin MH, Hammer RB, Radeloff VC (2015) The 2010 wildland-urban interface of the conterminous united states. Also, consistent with the experimental results, the model predicted that increasing air flow increased ember temperature and reduced the time to ignition for cases in which ignition occurs. There was an average error of approximately 8.5% between firebrand temperature model predictions and experimental measurements. Results followed experimentally observed firebrand temperature patterns. Traditional lab-scale experiments, thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimetry, were performed to parameterize the model. A simple heat and mass transfer model was developed to describe the ignition process due to firebrand deposition. Cellulosic insulation materials would ignite in a sustained fire provided that there was adequate air flow. Following the flash flame, the firebrands would melt through the synthetic polymer material (XPS and EPS) and cease smoldering. Thermoplastic insulation material would only ignite in a temporary flash flame, but did not support sustained burning. Relative to whole firebrands, the fragmented firebrands were found to more reliably ignite the insulation materials. For an equal initial mass of wooden material, two firebrand configurations were generated: a single whole firebrand and multiple (five) fragmented firebrands. An experimental system was developed to explore the effects of firebrand heating, air flow, and firebrand configuration on ignition. To clarify the effects of choices in attic insulation materials for homes located at the wildland urban interface, this study seeks to characterize the effects of firebrand characteristics on the ignition propensity of several common insulation materials: polyurethane foam, expanded polystyrene (EPS), extruded polystyrene (XPS), flame retarded and non-flame retarded denim, and flame retarded and non-flame retarded loosefill cellulose. Wildland firebrands are known to ignite materials in attic spaces of homes.
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